T 1029/14 Keep Out! Fresh ground of opposition?
Like the decision discussed in the previous blog, the Board in this opposition appeal case refused to admit, due to lateness of the submission, an inventive step attack based on a single document (D1), which had been used in opposition to substantiate lack of novelty only. The ground of inventiveness was mentioned in the Notice of opposition, but not substantiated. The Board's refusal under Art 13(3) RPBA was unsurprising, given that the arguments for lack of inventiveness were presented for the first time only 2 working days before oral proceedings were held, and the patent proprietor would have needed an adjournment to prepare its response.
The Board went further, however, and also considered whether this inventive step attack constituted a fresh ground of opposition that could be admitted into proceedings only with the permission of the patent proprietor. The appellant argued that the new attack was admissible, for the reasons allowed in T 0131/01.
The Board took the view that the facts in this case were
different, because the appellant had made no suggestion in opposition
proceedings that the claimed subject-matter would be obvious when starting from
D1, should it be found to be novel. The reasoning of T 448/03 was followed, and
the Board concluded that an objection concerning inventive step is to be
considered a fresh ground, if it is raised for the very first time in the
appeal proceedings, irrespective of the fact that the document used as the
starting point for the inventive step objection was the same document as used
before to attack novelty.
Summary of Facts and Submissions
I. European patent No. 1 616 973 relates to a hot-dip galvanized
steel sheet.
II. An opposition had been filed against the patent, based on
the grounds of Article 100(b) and of Article 100(a) EPC together with both
Articles 54 and 56 EPC.
The opposition against the patent was rejected by the opposition
division which considered the subject-matter of the claims as granted to fulfil
the requirements of Article 54 and 83 EPC. The ground of opposition pursuant to
Article 100(a) in combination with Article 56 EPC was not considered to be
substantiated and was not dealt with in the contested decision.
The appellant (opponent) filed an appeal against this decision.
III. The appellant requested that the decision under appeal be
set aside and the patent be revoked. In the letter setting out the grounds of
appeal, the appellant challenged novelty, sufficiency of disclosure and the
inventive step of claim 1 as granted.
IV. The respondent requested that the appeal be dismissed.
Alternatively it requested that a patent be maintained on the basis of one of
the three auxiliary requests filed with the letter of reply to the appeal.
VI. State of the art
The following sets of documents were cited in the appeal
proceedings.
Document referred to in the contested decision:
D1: JP-A-2000/160358
Documents cited for the first time in the statement setting out
the grounds of the appeal:
D2: JP-A-2001/323358
D3: EP-A-0 778 362
D4: EP-A-0 866 149
D5: JP-A-2000/129487
D6: JP-A-09 17 00 86
Documents submitted by the appellant with its letter dated 5
April 2018:
D7: printout of the website http://digitalmetrology.com/3-steps-understanding-
surface texture
D8: JIS B 0601-2001
D9: T0131/01
D10: T0597/07
VII. With the summons to oral proceedings, the Board sent a
communication pursuant to Articles 15(1) and 17(2) of the Rules of Procedure of
the Boards of Appeal (RPBA) indicating to the parties its preliminary,
non-binding opinion of the case.
VIII. Oral proceedings were held on 10 April 2018. At the end of
the oral proceedings the Board pronounced its decision.
IX. The appellant's arguments can be summarised as follows.
The arguments and documents submitted with the letter dated 5
April 2018 were filed late, since the representative took over the case only in
March 2018 and therefore could not have filed them any earlier.
The information provided in the contested patent was not
sufficient for the skilled person to rework the invention without undue burden.
In particular the skilled person did not get enough information how to obtain a
zinc based oxide layer having micro-irregularities and how to obtain a steel
sheet comprising a zinc-based oxide layer and an aluminium-based oxide layer in
any structure possible according to claim 1. Furthermore the contested patent
did not disclose the cut-off length and therefore the skilled person could not
determine the surface roughness.
The subject-matter of claim 1 lacked novelty with respect to D1,
since D1 disclosed a manufacturing process for a galvanized steel sheet which
was similar to a process described in the contested patent and which therefore
inevitably obtained a sheet having the same properties as defined by claim 1.
The subject-matter of claim 1 was obvious when starting from D1
or D2 as the closest prior art, in particular when further taking into account
the teaching of documents D3 to D6.
X. The respective arguments of the respondent can be summarised
as follows.
Documents D7 to D8 and the objections with respect to
insufficiency and inventive step based on D1 raised in the letter dated 5 April
2018 were filed at a very late stage of the proceedings, i.e. two working days
before the oral proceedings took place. The respondent did not have sufficient
time to prepare an appropriate defence against these new objections. Therefore
documents D7 to D8 and the new objections should not be admitted into the
proceedings.
The contested patent disclosed 28 examples describing in detail
how the claimed galvanized steel sheet could be obtained. Further detailed
information was presented in the general description. Therefore the skilled
person could manufacture a galvanized steel sheet as defined by claim 1 without
undue burden.
D1 did not disclose a galvanized steel sheet as defined by claim
1. The argumentation of the appellant was based on a speculative interpretation
of the disclosure of D1.
The ground of opposition pursuant to Article 100(a) in
combination with Article 56 EPC was not substantiated in the opposition proceedings.
The objections based on D1 and D2 as the closest prior art constituted a fresh
ground of opposition which was not to be discussed in the appeal proceedings.
Reasons for the Decision
1. Admissibility of documents D7 and D8 and the arguments based
thereon
1.1 In the statement setting out the grounds of appeal, the
appellant argues that the contested patent does not disclose the invention in a
manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by a person
skilled in the art, since
i) the position of the zinc (Zn) oxide based layer relative to
the aluminium (Al) oxide based layer is not specified and
ii) the skilled person is not enabled to manufacture a zinc
oxide layer comprising micro-irregularities.
1.2 With the letter dated 5 April 2018, i.e. two working days
before the oral proceedings took place and therefore at a very late stage of
the appeal proceedings, the appellant submitted the new line of attack that the
skilled person was not able to determine the surface roughness defined in claim
1 of the contested patent in the absence of a defined cut-off length, which was
required for applying the Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) B-0660-1998 cited in
paragraph [0055] of the contested patent. In support of that argument it filed
documents D7 and D8.
The question whether or not the skilled person is able to rework
the Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) B-0660-1998 without an indication of a
cut-off length is not causally linked to the objections raised in the statement
setting out the grounds of appeal. Thus, the arguments based on D7
and D8 represent a completely new line of attack and therefore an amendment to
the appellant's case.
1.3 The respondent confirmed during the oral proceedings that it
was not in a position to deal with the extremely late filed new attack without
an adjournment of the oral proceedings (Article 13(3) RPBA).
1.4 The fact that the appellant's representative took over the
case only one month before the oral proceedings is of no relevance in this
context (see cases cited in Case Law of the Boards of Appeal, 8th edition,
2016, Chapter IV.C.1.3.18).
1.5 Therefore the Board does not admit documents D7 and D8 and
the corresponding new line of attack based thereon into the proceedings
pursuant to Article 13(3) RPBA.
2. Sufficiency of disclosure (Article 83 EPC)
See
decision for reasoning
The Board concluded that none of the arguments presented by the
appellant demonstrates that the reasoning in point 2.2 c) of the impugned
decision is deficient.
3. Article 54 EPC
3.1 Both parties agree that D1 discloses examples of galvanized
steel sheets whereby the Ra value of the oxidised film should be 1200 nm or
less and can be as low as 600 nm (paragraph [0027] and table 2).
It is further undisputed that D1 does not disclose that the
Zn-based oxide layer has micro-irregularities which have a mean spacing (S)
determined on the basis of a roughness curve of 1,000 nm or less and an average
roughness (Ra) of 100 nm or less.
3.2 According to the appellant these features are inherently
disclosed by D1, since the galvanized steel sheet described in D1 is produced
by one of the manufacturing methods described in the contested patent.
3.3 D1 discloses that the steel sheets of the examples are
manufactured by dipping a steel sheet in a galvanizing bath containing
aluminium (paragraph [0041]), subjecting the sheets to skinpass rolling
(paragraph [0042]) and dipping them into an aqueous solution containing iron
ions having a pH of 2 (paragraph [0043]).
The method described in D1 is therefore similar to method a)
described in the contested patent (see point 2.5 above).
3.4 However, two differences can be identified between the
method described in D1 and that of the contested patent, both of which have an
effect on oxide formation and therefore on the surface properties of the zinc
oxide based layer.
3.4.1 Paragraph [0044] of the contested patent teaches that the
Fe-containing solution has to be sufficiently buffered in order to form the
desired oxide layer. This statement is confirmed in the examples of the
contested patent (see tables 3 to 5), where it is demonstrated that unbuffered
treatment solutions (samples 8 and 9), which reflect the teaching of D1 on this
aspect, do not lead to the formation of the same amount of oxide as buffered
treatment solutions (samples 1 to 7).
However, the acidic solution according to D1 (paragraph [0043])
does not contain any buffer. The pH is adjusted simply by addition of sulphuric
acid, which is a strong acid and which does not form a buffer.
3.4.2 Paragraph [0043] of D1 discloses that after depositing the
iron, the steel sheet is heated to promote the oxidation of Fe and Zn.
Following the method described in paragraph [0040] of the
contested patent the steel sheet is simply washed and dried after the contact
with the buffered acidic solution. A further oxidation step at elevated
temperature as required by D1 is not performed according to the manufacturing
methods proposed in the contested patent.
3.5 Since the manufacturing method described in D1 is not the
same as one of the manufacturing methods proposed in the contested patent, it
cannot be concluded that the products thereby obtained are inevitably
identical.
Therefore it cannot be concluded that the galvanized sheet
obtained by the method of D1 inevitably comprises a Zn-based oxide layer having
micro-irregularities whereby the micro-irregularities have a mean spacing (S)
determined on the basis of a roughness curve of 1,000 nm or less and an average
roughness (Ra) of 100 nm or less as required by claim 1 of the contested
patent.
3.6 Claim 1 of the contested patent therefore fulfils the
requirements of Article 54 EPC.
4. Admissibility of the new ground of opposition
4.1 During opposition proceedings the appellant, then opponent,
crossed on Form 2300 the box for the ground of opposition pursuant to Article
100(a) in combination with Article 56 EPC. However, lack of inventive step
was neither substantiated in the notice of opposition nor later discussed
during the opposition proceedings (see impugned decision, point
3.4 of the reasons).
4.2 The first time that the appellant argued that the
subject-matter of claim 1 lacks an inventive step was during appeal
proceedings.
The appellant submits two lines of objection:
a) In the statement setting out the grounds of appeal it is
argued that the subject-matter of claim 1 is obvious when starting from
document D2 as the closest prior art.
b) In the letter dated 5 April 2018 it is argued that the
subject-matter of claim 1 is obvious when starting from document D1 as the
closest prior art.
4.3 Concerning a)
4.3.1 Any specific ground of opposition raised but not
substantiated in the opposition period is a new ground of opposition in appeal
proceedings, which cannot be admitted into the appeal proceedings unless the
proprietor agrees (G9/91, point 18 of the reasons; G10/91 headnotes; G1/95
(point 7.1)).
4.3.2 The arguments presented in the statement setting out the
grounds of appeal are based on D2 as the closest prior art and are completely
independent from the argument pursued during opposition proceedings that the
claimed subject-matter lacks novelty over D1.
This new objection therefore constitutes a fresh ground of
opposition which is moreover based on documents which had not even been
submitted in opposition proceedings.
Furthermore, the respondent (proprietor) does not consent to the
introduction of a new ground of opposition into the proceedings (see statement
in the letter of reply to appeal, point IV, page 4, confirmed during the oral
proceedings before the Board).
Consequently, in line with the ruling in G9/91 and G10/91 the
Board does not admit the line of objection starting from D2 into the appeal
proceedings.
4.4 Concerning b)
4.4.1 In the statement setting out the grounds of appeal D1 is
not mentioned at all in the context of inventive step.
The objection concerning inventive step based on D1 was
presented for the first time in the letter submitted on 5 April 2018, i.e.
two working days before the oral proceedings before the board of appeal took
place. Therefore the objection has been raised only at an extremely late stage
of the proceedings and represents a complete change of the appellant's case for
which not even the provisional opinion expressed in the annex to the summons
does not provide any justification.
The respondent confirmed during oral proceedings that it was not
in a position to deal with the new attack without an adjournment of the oral
proceedings.
Therefore this line of objection is not admitted into the
proceedings pursuant to Article 13(3) RPBA.
4.4.2 Notwithstanding the above conclusion it is
further questionable, whether the line of attack starting from D1 as the
closest prior art can be discussed at all in the appeal proceedings without the
agreement of the patent proprietor.
The appellant argues that the objection concerning inventive
step starting from D1 does not constitute a fresh ground of opposition and can
be examined in appeal proceedings without the agreement of the patentee, since
D1 has been used to attack novelty. To support this argument it refers to T
131/01 (D9) and T 597/07 (D10).
In decision T 131/01 the Board held that in a case where the
ground of lack of novelty has been substantiated, a
specific substantiation of the ground of lack of inventive step is neither
necessary - given that novelty is a prerequisite for determining whether an
invention involves an inventive step and such prerequisite is allegedly not
satisfied - nor generally possible without contradicting the reasoning
presented in support of lack of novelty. Therefore it held that the objection
of lack of inventive step is not a fresh ground for opposition (headnote).
However, in T 131/01 the opponent had already indicated in the
notice of opposition that the claimed subject-matter lacks an inventive step in
the event that it is found to be novel (see point 3.2. of the reasons). Therefore
T 131/01 differs from the present case, where the appellant had made no
suggestion in opposition proceedings that the claimed subject-matter would be
obvious when starting from D1, should it be found to be novel.
The situation underlying T 597/07 is similar to case T 131/01
where inventive step had also been discussed during opposition proceedings
(point 2.6 of the Reasons).
The Board therefore concludes that the present case is to be
distinguished from those underlying T 131/01 and T 597/07.
Case T 448/03 is similar to the present one in that inventive
step was not discussed at all in opposition proceedings (see point
5.2 of the Reasons), but for the first time only in the appeal proceedings
(point 5.3 of the reasons). In T 448/03 it is concluded, in line with the
principles set out in decision T 131/01, that an objection concerning inventive
step is to be considered a fresh ground, if it is raised for the very first
time in the appeal proceedings (point 5.4 of the Reasons), irrespective of the
fact that the document used as the starting point for the inventive step
objection was the same document as used before to attack novelty.
The Board concludes that in the presence case, the objection
concerning inventive step starting from D1 has to be considered to constitute a
fresh ground of opposition in line with the finding in T 448/03 which cannot be
discussed without the consent of the proprietor, which was not given in the
present case.
Order
For these reasons it is decided that:
The appeal is dismissed.
This decision T 1029/14 (pdf) has European Case Law Identifier: ECLI:EP:BA:2018:T102914.20180410. The file wrapper can be found here. Photo by Coffee obtained via Pixabay under CC0 license (no changes made).
This decision T 1029/14 (pdf) has European Case Law Identifier: ECLI:EP:BA:2018:T102914.20180410. The file wrapper can be found here. Photo by Coffee obtained via Pixabay under CC0 license (no changes made).
The decision is also interesting for another reason:
ReplyDeleteBeside the late attack on IS, there was also a late attack on sufficiency with two new documents. The documents were not admitted as the attack based on those.
The decision reminds us that a change of representative is not a reason for late submissions.